Ageing leads to significant oral changes that can impact overall well-being. Gum recession exposes tooth roots to decay, while enamel wear increases vulnerability to damage. Many older adults also experience reduced saliva production, leading to dry mouth and a higher risk of cavities and infections.

Medications like antihistamines, diuretics, and antidepressants can worsen dental health by reducing saliva flow. Conditions such as arthritis make brushing and flossing harder, while dementia may reduce awareness of hygiene needs. These factors highlight the need for specific oral care in aged care settings to maintain comfort and prevent serious issues.

Age-Related Changes to Oral Health

As people age, their oral tissues naturally change, increasing the risk of dental problems. These shifts make older adults more prone to decay, gum disease, and infections.

• Receding gums expose tooth roots, making them vulnerable to decay and sensitivity. Bacteria can also accumulate, raising the risk of gum disease.
• Over time, enamel wear is due to chewing, acidic foods, and grinding, leading to cavities, cracks, and sensitivity.
• Many seniors experience dry mouth due to medications or health conditions. Less saliva means a higher risk of decay, gum disease, and infections.
• Loss of teeth can result from prolonged decay and oral disease, affecting chewing, speech, and nutrition. Poorly fitting dentures may also lead to discomfort and sores.

Common Dental Issues in the Elderly

Older adults face a higher risk of dental issues due to medical conditions, medications, and oral changes. Early recognition helps caregivers support better oral health.

• Root caries (tooth decay at the roots)
  Gum recession exposes soft root surfaces, making them prone to decay. Symptoms include sensitivity, dark spots, and discomfort when eating. Fluoride toothpaste and daily oral care help. 42% of older adults experience this condition.
• Periodontal disease (gum disease)
  Conditions like diabetes and poor hygiene contribute to gum disease, leading to swollen, bleeding gums, bad breath, and loose teeth. Brushing, interdental cleaning, and dental check-ups reduce risks. 60% of older adults are affected.
• Dry mouth (xerostomia)
  Medications can reduce saliva, causing dryness, swallowing issues, and a higher risk of cavities. Hydration, saliva substitutes, and sugar-free gum provide relief. 30% of older adults experience this, rising to 50% with multiple medications.
• Oral candidiasis (oral thrush)
  Dry mouth and dentures can cause fungal infections. Symptoms include white or red patches, taste changes, and discomfort. Good denture hygiene helps. Up to 50% of elderly denture wearers are affected.
• Ill-fitting dentures
  Jaw and gum changes can loosen dentures, leading to sores and irritation. Regular adjustments, cleaning, and timely replacements improve comfort. Over 60% of denture wearers experience poor fit.

The Connection Between Oral Health and Overall Health

Oral hygiene impacts overall well-being, especially in older adults. Research confirms a bidirectional relationship between oral health and conditions like diabetes, heart disease, and pneumonia. Maintaining proper oral care can help prevent complications and improve health.

• Diabetes
  High blood sugar worsens gum disease, while periodontal inflammation raises insulin resistance, making diabetes harder to manage. Good oral hygiene supports blood sugar control.
• Cardiovascular Disease
  Chronic periodontal disease is linked to inflammation, increasing heart disease and stroke risk. Inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 are elevated in both conditions, suggesting that periodontal disease may contribute to cardiovascular issues. Regular oral care may reduce inflammation.
• Pneumonia
  Bacteria from poor oral hygiene can enter the lungs, increasing pneumonia risk, especially in bedridden individuals. Proper care lowers aspiration pneumonia risk and improves oral health outcomes.